Definition and Examples of Drawl

Electronic Health Records Annotated Bibliography

Introduction This paper will identify the use of Electronic Health Records and how nursing plays an important role. Emerging in the early 2000’s, utilizing Electronic Health Records have quickly become a part of normal practice. An EHR could help prevent dangerous medical mistakes, decrease in medical costs, and an overall improvement in medical care. Patients are often taking multiple medications, forget to mention important procedures/diagnoses to providers, and at times fail to follow up with providers. Maintaining an EHR could help tack data, identify patients who are due for preventative screenings and visits, monitor VS, improve overall quality of care in a practice. Nurse informaticists play an important role in the†¦show more content†¦The authors conclude that in order to collect data for meaningful use, one must get back to nursing basics to satisfy regulatory requirements. Under direction of a nurse informaticist, utilizing electronic health records helps facilitat e this. Friedman, D.J., Parrish, G., Ross, D. A. (2013). Electronic Health Records and US Public Health: Current Realities and Future Promise. American Journal Of Public Health. 103(9), 1560-1567. Written by three doctors, who work with Public Health Informatics Institute, this article appears to be intended for medical professionals as well as the general public. The authors suggest that using EHRs in its fullest capacity, could greatly improve general population health in the US. Information such as influenza outbreaks, communicable diseases, and acute infectious gastrointestinal disease are currently reported to the CDC through use of EHRs. Under HITECH meaningful use laws, only syndromic surveillance, laboratory reporting, and registries are currently reported. The article also discusses the stages of meaningful use in depth and how each needs to be achieved in accordance with HITECH (Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health). It is suggested that in the future, trending information could help isolate incidences of certain problems/diagnoses to certain geographical locations. This can potentially help practitioners in figuring out a source for suchS how MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography1329 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Annotated Bibliography Galen College of Nursing Annotated Bibliography Mayo Clinic (2011). Personal health record: A tool for managing your health. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personal-health-record/MY00665 This source talks about how electronic health records makes it easy to gather and manage medical information in a secure location (Mayo Clinic, 2001, pg. 1). They explain what a health record is and what goes into it. The advantages and disadvantages toRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography : Robotic Surgical Training808 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: Annotated Bibliography Annotated Bibliography DHA 8032 Dewel Jamerson Dr. Wederski Annotated Bibliography Ben-Or, S., Nifong, W., Chitwood, W. (2013). Robotic Surgical Training. The Cancer Journal, 19(2), 120-123. This article is good and interesting because it talks about what surgeons go through to become proficient in using surgical robotics. The surgeons and the nurses have to learn to use visual cues when performing these surgeries since they do not haveRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography APA Format961 Words   |  4 Pages Annotated Bibliography University of Maryland University College Annotated Bibliography Ghosh, C. (2013). Affordable Care Act: Strategies to Tame the Future.  Physician Executive,  39(6), 68-70. In this particular journal about the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the author Ghosh attempts to prove which areas of the medical sector will have the most impact. The research will show that the relationship between the newer technologies with improved electronic health record, providingRead MoreMedication Reconciliation And Prevention Of Medication Errors1334 Words   |  6 PagesJuly of 2004 and was announced in 2005 as National Safety Goal #8 to â€Å"accurately and completely reconcile medications across the continuum of care.† (The Joint Commission Sentinel Event Alert, 2006). Medication errors have always been present in the health care system, but over the past several years agencies have become involved in decreasing medication errors for patient safety. Also, facilities must comply with the Joint Commission standards to maintain their Joint Commission Accreditation. ItRead MoreBattery Life Chemistry Project3767 Words   |  16 Pagesnot just be asked to go. * 1 point (additional) to your final spring semester average for advancing to the state fair. III. Calendar Due Points Parent Letter Aug 16 5 Pre-Planning/Topic Worksheet with Annotated Bibliography Sept 15 48 Experimental Plan/Outline Worksheet Oct 4 35 Logbook Check #1 Oct 18 20 Logbook Check #2 (Final Data with notarizations, and final pictures) Nov 10 20 Final Research Paper Dec 2 Read MoreLibs 150 Final Exam2185 Words   |  9 Pagesexamples of: Question options: common knowledge information creation peer review secondary sources Question 8 1 / 1 point The production and use of __________ is typically cyclical. Question options: primary sources database records search statements academic research Question 9 1 / 1 point The most common types of information you will encounter when doing academic research are __________. 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Without computers, all this wouldnt be possible. History of the Computer Computers werent as technological and complex like the ones we know. Early computers didnt use chips or monitors. They werent as small nor big like the onesRead MoreHow Light Intensity Effects Transpiration Rate in Mangrove Shoots Biology Eei Task2410 Words   |  10 Pagesbetween the members of my group and I can be applied in a legitimate scenario regarding seasonal weather patterns within Australia, but in a less intense and more structured way. The aim of the experiment was to choose a variable, light intensity, and record the change of the transpiration rate in a mangrove plant when different intensities of light were used as the plants light source for two hours/test. The investigation showed what intensity, and essentially what season, of light increased and decreasedRead MoreInformation Security15951 Words   |  64 Pagesto writing the actual literature review following the theory of argument. What is a Literature Review? Novice researchers tend to approach the literature review as nothing more than a collection of summaries of papers or an elaborated annotated bibliography of multiple research manuscripts (Webster Watson, 2002). A meaningful literature review is much more. Hart (1998) defined the literature review as â€Å"the use of ideas in the literature to justify the particular approach to the topic, the selection

I Stand Here Ironing Free Essays

Literary Research Paper – I Stand Here Ironing Kloss, Robert J. â€Å"Balancing the Hurts and the Needs: Olsen’s ‘I Stand Here Here Ironing,’. † Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 15. We will write a custom essay sample on I Stand Here Ironing or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1-2 (Mar. 1994): 78-86. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter and Deborah A. Schmitt. Vol. 114. Detroit: Gale Group, 1999. Literature Resource Center. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. Kloss’s, â€Å"Balancing the Hurts and the Need Olsen’s ‘I Stand Here Ironing'†, points out that in the story, we get motherhood â€Å"stripped of romantic distortion. Kloss describes motherhood as a metaphor of developing a responsible selfhood, concluding that â€Å"We must trust the power of each to ‘find her way’ even in the face of powerful external constraints on individual control. † He also points out that from the mother’s point of view, this may indeed be true, as she attempts in extreme adversity to balance her own hurts and needs. Kloss however states that common sense tells us that this simply cannot be true for the child. Given her helplessness, what infant or toddler can possibly have it within her power or control to â€Å"find her own way. † He backs up his idea by pointing out the fact that while the mother can find reasonable and mature ways to satisfy her own needs and allay her hurts (e. g. , a job, a new husband), Emily must somehow, first as infant, then child, cope with and defend against persistent, overwhelming fears and fantasies as best she can. Kloss brings out the point that caring figures always come and go–the woman downstairs, the grandparents, the mother, and the nurses. As the child moved from house to house to institution to yet another house, even the environment itself does not remain stable. Kloss goes on to describe the child’s vantage point, it seems clear that nothing or no one can be depended on. That these separations are traumatic to Emily can readily be inferred from the fact that they eventuate in significant symptoms such as a depression, asthma and as separation anxiety disorder. Kloss supports his idea by stating that the sleep disorders typical of separation anxiety disorder also begin with Susan’s birth when Emily begins having nightmares, crying out for the mother. He continues with his explanation of the mother who refuses to tend her in her anguish and gets up only twice when she has to get up for Susan anyway. The mother’s indifference may be due to her exhaustion and distraction, but it is also possible to see it as stemming from hostility, perhaps unconscious. I agree with the Kloss critic on that Emily as a child did not have power â€Å"to find her own way† out of the difficult situation. Emily had no one to trust or depend on. Deficiency of the mother’s love and attention is what scared the child, making her the source of concern to psychologist and anguish to the mother. Through such hard life experience, Emily came to conclusion that the world itself is simply not to be trusted-ever: nothing, no one is reliable or can be counted on and be there for her through time. Throughout the story, we can follow that Emily experiences at least one dozen traumatic separations from significant people and objects before she is even seven years old. I also agree with the Kloss’s critic regarding Emily’s developed separation anxiety disorder. Such disorder expresses itself as unrealistic fears that the mother will be harmed or that she will leave and not return, persistent refusal to go to school in order to remain home with the mother, persistent refusal to go to sleep without the mother. Emily indeed expressed such symptoms in order for her to be with the mother. Bauer, Helen Pike. â€Å"A Child of Anxious, Not Proud, Love’: Mother and Daughter in Tillie Olsen’s ‘I Stand Here Ironing. † Mother Puzzles: Daughter and Mothers in Contemporary American Literature. Ed. Mickey Pearlman. Greenwood Press, 1989. 35-39. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter and Deborah A. Schmitt. Vol. 114. Detroit: Gale Group, 1999. Literature Resource Center. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. In Bauer’s article, Bauer, Helen Pike. A Child of Anxious, Not Proud, Love’: Mother and Daughter in Tillie Olsen’s ‘I Stand Here Ironing†, she presents the idea that her mother’s evocation of Emily’s past life is an attempt to understand her daughter’s character. Bauer points out that Emily has been an unhappy child. Although beautiful and joyous in infancy, nurtured by her mother, sensuously alive to light and mus ic and texture, Emily was soon left with neighbors, then with relatives, and finally with day-care institutions to allow her mother, abandoned by her husband, to go out each day to work. She clarifies that it is this displacement and deprivation, Emily’s being shunted off to indifferent, unresponsive strangers, that her mother feels have created the somberness, the passivity and repression that seem to characterize the present Emily. Bauer goes on to describe the Lack of money and lacks of time constitute the dimensions of the mother’s powerlessness. She describes her decisions repeatedly in terms of having to do something. â€Å"I had to leave her daytimes†; â€Å"I had to bring her to his family†; â€Å"I had had to send her away again. Bauer states, the story is filled with expressions of compulsion and lack of choice: â€Å"It was the only place there was. It was the only way we could be together, the only way I could hold a job. † Bauer describes Emily sharing these constrictions. She points out her relocation to a convalescent home, she received â€Å"letters she could never hold or keep. † Back home, â€Å"she had to help be a mother and housekeeper, and shopper. She had to set her seal. Bauer goes on to describe Emily, like her mother, must accept the hard realities of life and act within its limitations. In this, they differ from Emily’s father, who gives up the struggle and abandons his family. I disagree with this criticism. It first I too thought that all the hardships that Emily faced where due to the mother’s powerlessness, lack of money and lack of time, however by analyzing the situation in more depth I came to conclusion that the mother simply did not love Emily. She managed to find time for her younger daughter despite the same situation. I think Olsen involved the character of Susan in the story as a beautiful blonde, lively, lovely child in order to show the reader the dramatic difference Susan and Emily. Emily is a complete opposite of Susan. Emily, thin, dark, silent, awkward, is always aloof. For the younger children are the products of less austere times, members of a family with its attendant noise and comfort. Emily spent her young life without such easements. Like her mother, she has known long years alone and has felt their toll. Her mother understands this and fears for Emily. If much modern fiction reveals a daughter’s dread of reliving her mother’s life, Olsen’s story dramatizes a mother’s dread of that fate for her daughter. It is obvious that Susan managed to get all the love and affection where as Emily was at disadvantage. Frye, Joanne S. â€Å"‘I Stand Here Ironing’: Motherhood as Experience and Metaphor. † Studies in Short Fiction 18. 3 (Summer 1981): 287-292. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. David L. Siegel. Vol. 11. Detroit: Gale Research, 1992. Literature Resource Center. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. In Frye’s article, â€Å"‘I Stand Here Ironing’: Motherhood as Experience and Metaphor†, she proposes the uniqueness of Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† lies in its fusion of motherhood as both metaphor and experience. It shows us motherhood bared, stripped of romantic distortion, and reinfused with the power of genuine metaphorical insight into the problems of selfhood in the modern world. Further, into the article, Frye points out the story where we are drawn through a knowledge of the present reality and into participation in the narrative process of reconstructing and visualizing the past. He brings to the attention that the narrator, we construct an image of the mother’s own development: her difficulties as a young mother alone with her daughter and barely surviving during the early years of the depression; her painful months of enforced separation from her daughter; her gradual and partial relaxation in response to a new husband and a new family as more children follow; her increasingly complex anxieties about her first child; and finally her sense of family equilibrium which surrounds but does not quite encompass the early memories of herself and Emily in the grips of survival needs. Frye also describes the metaphor of the iron and the rhythm of the ironing establish a tightly coherent framework for the narrative probing of a mother-daughter relationship. Frye goes on to describe the fuller metaphorical structure of the story lies in the expansion of the metaphorical power of that relationship itself. Without ever relinquishing the immediate reality of motherhood and the probing of parental responsibility, Tillie Olsen has taken that reality and developed its peculiar complexity into a powerful and complex statement on the experience of responsible selfhood in the modern world. In doing so she has neither trivialized nor romanticized the experience of motherhood; she has indicated the wealth of experience yet to be explored in the narrative possibilities of experiences, like motherhood, which have rarely been granted serious literary consideration. When I first read â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing†, I just saw a woman that has been through a tough time such as great depression and hard live circumstances. However, after reading Frye’s criticism I have realized that in fact the ironing symbolizes the probing of the mother-daughter relationships. The mother, trying to balance her own hurts and needs, does her best trying to help Emily balance hers, hoping out of desperation that the child may prove more than the inert dress from which she attempts to press the symbolic wrinkles and creases. Abandonment by an irresponsible father, the innocence and ignorance of youth on the mother’s part, an unstable home situation, chronic illness, birth order, poverty and deprivation–all these combine to affect Emily deeply, and perhaps irrevocably. The mother, trying to balance her own hurts and needs, does her best trying to help Emily balance hers, hoping out of desperation that the child may prove more than the inert dress from which she attempts to press the symbolic wrinkles and creases. How to cite I Stand Here Ironing, Essay examples

West African Muslims in the Bronx free essay sample

The space heater’s overheated electric cord ignited a small fire. While the woman sleeping on the first floor hurriedly warned and sought help from others in the house, the fire intensified beyond their control and within minutes had engulfed the entire building. In the aftermath, a total of ten people died, with nine of these being children. Apart from 9/11, it was New York City’s deadliest fire in 17 years. The families involved in the tragic fire were Soninke, an ethnic group that numbers around two million total people. They, along with other ethnic groups from Francophone West Africa, are almost exclusively Muslim. When the news of the tragic event spread, thousands of dollars were donated from individuals and businesses to assist the families involved. However, the most newsworthy responses from New Yorkers came not from removed donators, but from the West African community itself. While West African mosques and associations gathered, organized, and represented West Africans and the families involved in the fire, America received a candid look into the culture and religion of Muslim West Africans in the city. West Africans’ Space in the Larger Muslim Community Hailing mainly from such countries as Mali, Guinea, Gambia, Senegal, Niger, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire and Sierra Leone, West African Muslims are just one fiber in a convoluted thread of Muslim ethnic groups in the New York City metro area. An estimated 600,000 Muslims live in New York City itself, while an estimated 800,000 live in the New York City metro area. Within these numbers, community estimates place around 100,000 West African Muslims in the metro area, making them one of the more populous Muslim communities in the city. These large numbers, however, are not commensurate with the measure of influence or voice West Africans have in the overall Muslim community. There are several reasons why West Africans Muslims do not have much influence or interest in the activities of the broader Muslim populace. First, there is a Sahara desert that literally and figuratively separates West Africans from the Arab world. Ironically, while much of West Africa has adopted the culture and practice of the Arab-centric religion of Islam, Arabic people are not looked upon with favor by the average West African. This might have something to do with the fact that millions of black Africans were enslaved or sold as slaves by Arabs from 650-1900 AD! In reality, despite the illegality of the act, some Arab-background people still enslave black Africans in places like Mauritania, Mali, and Niger. Needless to say, despite their adoption of Islam, West Africans are often not too fond of Arabs. Second, the ascension of fundamental Islam in the world casts a World Trade Center-sized shadow over New York City, thrusting all those with a Muslim identity or perceived similitude (just ask the turbaned Sikhs†¦who are not Muslim by the way) into a defensive posture. Many Muslim groups in the city used 9/11 as a platform to expound on the â€Å"truth of Islam† as a way and religion of peace. In this stance, the 9/11 terrorists were derided as â€Å"not Muslim,† and every effort was made to paint a completely different picture of Islam. Their efforts were largely successful, as the New York City public currently tends to have the perception that mainstream Islam is a peaceful religion. It is not coincidental that the public face of the Muslim New York community has made a switch over the last few years from Siraj Wahhaj, a boisterous African-American imam from Brooklyn who is an alleged co-conspirator in the 1993 bombing plot of the World Trade Center, to Shamsi Ali, who is a very mild and moderate Indonesian imam that encourages religious dialogue. Apart from the just stated offensive approach to defending Muslim identity in light of 9/11, some Muslim groups have tended towards reticence and/or disassociation from other Muslim groups. This stance, of course, draws little attention from the public, and frees up Muslim groups to tend to their own community. West African mosques are inclined towards this approach. They are almost exclusively interested in their own activities and community, and are consequently not as involved in the cooperative activities of the broader Muslim population. Third, the groups that are the most influential in the larger Muslim community are primarily the ones that are most established in America, as well as those who have money or have access to money. West Africans fall short in both of these categories. A majority of West Africans Muslims in the country came to America in the 1980s and 1990s. As most of these were undocumented immigrants, only those at the front end of migration benefited from the 1986 amnesty that granted proper documentation and the ability to legally bring family to the United States. With a majority of their population facing legal obstacles, and with limited experience in America, West Africans have yet to a garner a major role in the development of Islam in New York. Furthermore, West Africans do not have the same resources at their disposal as other groups. According to the 2006 United Nations Human Development Index, all of the West African countries with a majority Muslim population can be found in a list of the least 25 developed countries in the world, with the four least developed countries, in order, being Niger, Sierra Leone, Mali, and Burkina Faso. The establishment of extensive Islamic institutions in New York City that reach beyond their own community would seem excessive when the needs of their own community in New York and Africa seem so broad. Fourth, the focus of West African immigrants seems to be different than most other Muslim groups in regards to their affiliation and attachment to America. Almost all West Africans view America as a place to make money in order to return to West Africa to start new businesses and to provide a better standard of living for their families. Their diminutive attachment to America can be found in the fact that many men leave their wives and children in Africa while working in America. Though years may go by without seeing their family, the wives and children of many African men stay in waiting until their head of household permanently returns. On the contrary, other Muslim ethnic groups in New York City tend to bring entire families over, buy property, and set up highly structured institutions. As Mohammad-Arif rightly points out in her book, Salaam America, South Asian Muslims rarely return to their home country permanently due to economic, familial, psychological, and sometimes even political reasons, even though returning may have been their original intent. West Africans, on the other hand, have somewhat of a user mentality towards America. As a result, they never become too concerned with investing themselves in American political, cultural, or even religious issues. As they do not have a long-term mentality towards the country, they have little concern with contributing to the spread of Islam in the area, or even more so, with fighting for Islamic rights or the strengthening of the Muslim voice in America. Bleeding More Muslim When pressed in asking about religious identity, it is not uncommon for a West African to proclaim, â€Å"If you prick my skin, I bleed Muslim. † However, in reality, if one were to dig deep into the skin of West African Muslims, one would not find Islam but an animistic core that entices Africans to fear, manipulate, and appease evil spirits. Islam is merely used as one component in dealing with the world of djinn (evil spirits). This religious adherence is sometimes called, â€Å"Folk Islam. † I ran across an incredible example of this in the fabled Grand Mosque of Timbuktu in Mali (yes, Timbuktu really exists). Off to the side of the large prayer room, two unmarked doors stood side-by-side. Color was the only trait that distinguished the doors from one another, as one was red and the other black. Our Tamajeq guide pointed to the doors and claimed, â€Å"The red door is for the good marabout (something like a Muslim sorcerer). You see him when you want to get help for doing good things, like getting pregnant. The other door†¦well, this one is for the bad marabout, who will help you inflict harm on other people. Say†¦if you are the first wife and the second wife is getting all the attention†¦you can go see the marabout behind the black door. † Even in New York City, where West Africans insist that the need of marabouts is much less because there are not as many spirits, the spirit world is still seen as a major factor in sickness, success, and wealth. Some of the West African street vendors in Harlem, many of whom live in the Highbridge rea of the Bronx, sell items of spiritual significance alongside their traditional fare of shea butter, perfume, and incense. One particular â€Å"incense† item, while sold as standard incense to African-Americans and other patrons, is sold to West African Muslims â€Å"to ward off evil spirits. † In talking with the very man who sold these items, I was intrigued by his statements made about a Malian sorcerer who had just stopped by to chat and advertise his services. The West African street vendor said, â€Å"That man is not good. He claims to be Muslim, but he is not a good Muslim. NO†¦. practicing medicine like that? That is very bad. That is not the way of Allah. † It is interesting that even though these comments were made, the street vendor himself sold an item to protect people from spirits. Perhaps the need of selling such items was felt due to the presence of West African sorcerers in New York. With the presence of sorcerers, West Africans sense that evil could be directed towards them at any time. They then feel the need to counter this act with their own protective medicine and charms/incense to ward off djinn. In talking with one Malian man about an upcoming West African parade, he balked, â€Å"You won’t find me there. That’s a good place to pick up a stinger. † When asked to describe a stinger, he said, â€Å"You know, when the sorcerer gets you†¦they’re going to be everywhere. NO†¦I don’t get around that many Africans at one time. † While â€Å"Folk Islam† is certainly the background of West Africans that come to New York, there is an overall consensus that djinn are less of a concern in the city compared to Africa. Resultantly, many find themselves becoming more orthodox in Islamic practice and, in effect, â€Å"bleeding more Muslim. The Rise of the Mosque. Anyone who has ever lived in another country knows the difficulty of getting oriented, assimilated, maintaining cultural values and identity, as well as dealing with homesickness. When an African arrives in New York City, their first point of contact is with relatives, frie nds, or acquaintances. However, these contacts are usually very limited, and with the lack of large African cultural spaces or associations, there is usually only one place to find the sense of community that is so innate in African society and culture. This place is found in one of the fifteen-or-so West African mosques in the city. The mosque and the imam (Muslim priest) have much different roles in West Africa than they do in the lives of West African New York. In West Africa, the mosque is simply a place of worship, and the imam spends almost all of his time studying, leading prayers, and expounding on the Qur’an (Muslim holy book) and Hadith (the traditions of Mohammed). Furthermore, marabouts tend to have more religious influence in West Africa than even the imams. As society is the strongest force on community, social, and religious life, the practice of Islam can often be treated as secondary to other social and cultural factors. However, the West Africans’ placement in America lands them on much different soil, in which familiar spaces of social, cultural, and political interaction have been taken away. The only institution that stands strategically placed to address the needs of the West African community is the mosque. It comes as no surprise, then, that West Africans quickly established ethnic mosques all over Harlem, Bronx, and parts of Brooklyn. On any given Friday, juma sermons can be heard in Soninke, Bambara, Jula, Maninka, Mandinka, Wolof, Hausa, and Pulaar. These mosques naturally emerged into not only religious centers, but also social, political, and commercial ones as well. Elements of West African society that had little to do with the mosque have become merged into the function of every West African mosque in the city, increasing the importance of Islam, religious practice and attendance, and the role of the imam as well. The imam, who has been thoroughly trained in the Qur’an and Hadith, must now become familiar with local politics, law enforcement, development/health/community organizations, immigration issues, business, real estate, and might even act as a potential matchmaker for marriages! The Bronx fire illuminated the influence of the West African mosques, as well as the fluidity between existent West African mosques. In the media circus that followed the Bronx fire, it was the West African imams and mosques that played the prominent role in organizing the West African community, communicating to reporters, and collecting the abundance of funds for the affected families. While there were certainly accompanying photographs of the affected families and friends of those who died, newspaper articles also predominantly featured the imams of different West African mosques, especially as they led funeral services and met with local overnment leaders. What was also striking in the activities that followed the fire is the role that non-Soninke mosques and imams played in the handling of the tragedy. The mosque that was used for the funeral service was Mandinka, consisting mainly of people from the Gambia, and was not the mosque that the affected families regularly attended. Even the imams that acted as a voice for the West African community had little to do with the Soninke mosque the families normally att ended. In visiting a mosque in Highbridge one Friday that is mainly Maninka from Guinea, I was surprised to see two imams there who were Jula from Cote d’Ivoire and are mainly associated with a mosque in Harlem. From that moment on, I have noticed that West African imams regularly visit and lead activities in different West African mosques. Even though there is one mosque they are mainly associated with, there is such a sense of solidarity between different West African ethnicities and mosques, that the imams have a very fluid sense of responsibility in regards to the community they serve. It is this pervading sense of community that gives such pride to West Africans in being Muslim. Whereas their homeland consisted mainly of Muslims and solidarity with one another was an innate aspect of West African society, Islamic identity in America, as influenced by the ethnic mosque, spurs the West African into a deepening sense of community in a land otherwise characterized by individualism and fractured relationships. Furthermore, whereas biological family serves as the greatest axis of solidarity in West Africa, the tension-filled family relations experienced by West African New Yorkers with their families back home, which is caused by separation and increased monetary expectations, cause many to shift their axis of solidarity to the local Muslim community who are going through the same things. The social dynamics between New York and West Africa, in effect, almost force the West African New Yorkers into a stronger sense of Muslim identity with one another in order to retain the innate West African value of solidarity that is slipping away from them with every passing year they spend away from their families. Through it all, the ethnic mosques solidify their importance in the life of the West African community. The Rise of Islamic Education. Islam established a foothold in some West African societies up to 1,000 years ago. For most of the millennium, Islam was the religion of the ruling class and merchants. A famous story has been relayed throughout the years about Mansa Musa, who has the ruler of the Malian empire between 1312 and 1337. While taking the hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca, Mansa Musa reportedly gave out so much gold along the way, that the North African economy suffered for decades and gold prices depleted all over the world. However, the influence of Islam did not widely infiltrate the sustenance farmers of West Africa, which is the majority population, until the beginning of the 20th century. Remarkably, since that time, Islam has spread throughout the masses, and over 90% of people in most of the West African countries in discussion consider themselves to be Muslim. Despite this fact, it is rare to find a West African who regularly reads the Qur’an, or is even capable of reading their central text. As West African countries consistently have the lowest literacy rates in the world, the people are often taught what they should believe, and do not have the ability themselves to investigate and study what is said. Although many West Africans in New York are educated and literate in French, mainstream Islamic thought claims that the true Qur’an only exists in Arabic, which only deepens the existent literacy problem in reading their holy book. On the one hand, this actually increases solidarity within the different West African Muslim communities, as truth and compulsory behavior is disseminated from one source through the mosque. This creates a society in which all members learn rote doctrine and apologetics that keep everyone â€Å"on the same page. For instance, when a West African Muslim encounters a Christian in dialogue about religion, he inevitably asks the question, â€Å"Who was the president before the current one? † When the answer of Bill Clinton is stated, he asks, â€Å"Then who came after him? † When the answer of George Bush is stated, he then proclaims, â€Å"See! George Bush came after Bill Clinton. Bush is the president and Clinton is not. It is the same way with the prophet Mohammed coming after Jesus. Why can’t you accept this?!? On the other hand, and this is especially the case in New York, exposure to non-Muslims convicts many West African Muslims that they need to personally study and know more about their religion. When pressed, many will say that they are Muslim simply because their parents and grandparents were Muslim. However, the need to answer questions from non-Muslims and the search for personal social and religious identity in New York draws many West African Muslims into further study of Arabic and Islam. It is not uncommon for a West African man to work 60-70 hours of week, but still find time to go to the mosque one night a week for further study of Arabic, the Qur’an, or the Hadith. Even if they personally feel too old to begin down this educational track, they view Arabic and Islamic education as a necessary means to retain religious values and cultural identity in their children. As a result, almost every West African mosque in New York has weekend and summer Arabic and Islamic classes for children. Ironically, many West African children raised in the United States do not know their parents’ main African language, yet they are encouraged by them to vigorously learn Arabic and recite the Qur’an. To the best of my knowledge, there is no West African association or mosque that teaches 2nd generation children the language of their parents. One Malian man lamented to me, â€Å"We care more about our kids learning a foreign language (Arabic) than our own! What sense does that make? † He then let out a disgusted gasp, â€Å"†¦these people†¦! The majority of West Africans in New York City have adapted to their new society by â€Å"bleeding more Muslim,† but it has raised the question with many on whether or not they are â€Å"bleeding less African. † Bleeding Less Muslim A West African associational leader in the Highbridge area of the Bronx talked to me one day about their association. Although his ethnic group is almost 100% Muslim, he boa sted that Muslims, Christians, and all sorts of people in the Bronx use their building for events. â€Å"I don’t discriminate by religion,† he said, â€Å"Anyone can use our building. In fact, I have been in America a long time. I say that I am Muslim, and I am a Muslim†¦but only on the outside. † This man reflects the other side of West African life in New York. While most West Africans find a strengthening Islamic identity in America, there is also a significant portion of the West African population that â€Å"bleeds less Muslim† in the city. The West Africans that venture into America, by nature, are more entrepreneurial, risk-taking, and free-thinking than their average compatriots back home. In West Africa, there is nothing more valuable than one’s right standing before the group. As a result, the worst thing an African can do is shame that same group. Those people who tend to think or act differently are reinforced through shame and persecution to return to cultural norms. For this reason, West African culture as a whole, including such cultural blemishes as female circumcision, are inherently arduous to change. The establishment of West African life in New York City, however, creates new opportunities to expand the boundaries of the cultural norms of West African society as a whole. West African New Yorkers’ physical separation from the cultural pull of West African society creates a softening of solidarity that tolerates more freedom and progressive thinking. If West African society was a peach, the West African New Yorkers find themselves on the soft and fuzzy edge. Their propensity for entrepreneurial endeavors and occasional critical thinking lead quite a few West African New Yorkers’ to rethink their views on Islam and the role it plays in their lives. For instance, one Malian man who had lived several places in America and now lived in Highbridge confided in me that, â€Å"I am not sure what the true way is. I know that it is Islam or Christianity, but I am just not sure. †¦maybe you can’t know. Maybe you just have to follow the way you were born into. † Another Malian man who had been in America for over 15 years stated, â€Å"All this religious stuff†¦It is all a show. As for me, I am not very religious. † Yet another man from Niger, who comes from a strong Muslim background, stated, â€Å"These West African Muslims. They do not know they have not always been Muslim. They don’t know what happened to them to make them Muslims. They think they have always been that way. They do not even follow the right Qur’an†¦my ‘Master Teacher’ has taught me all these things. In the case of this last man, he had left Islam through the influence of the Nuwaubians, a predominantly African-American religious sect born out of Brooklyn by Dwight York. This West African man felt the freedom in America to leave the social security net he had in Islam in order to follow the teachings of the Nuwaubians, even though he admitted to only reading thei r materials and never going to any of their meetings. What is interesting is that basic beliefs that define one’s right standing before the group are more likely to be challenged in New York City than back home. The exposure to people of different faiths, knowledge, and experience create a dissonance in some West Africans between their identity and truth. On the one hand, they feel they must maintain a strong Islamic identity to be West African. On the other hand, some begin to question if Islam really is the right way, or if they are merely following their culture. The questions asked suggest a stirring of West African cultural norms and the experimental phase of how things could possibly change. West African women, for instance, find America a place to flex new freedom, and openly challenge the traditional man’s role in the family and society. As a result, I have often heard West African men talk about the problems this causes, and wish their wives to stay in West Africa lest their marriage and culture be destroyed. It is evident, then, that cultural norms are being pushed and extended in New York City and, although their numbers are in the minority, a ripple is starting that challenges current cultural and religious identity. Conclusion Imagine growing up in a place where jobs are so scarce and money so tight, that taking the time to obtain a good education is risky business. Imagine growing up in a country whose villages and towns rarely have running water or electricity. Imagine being one of the lucky few that succeeds in education and professional qualification to obtain a university professor position, only to wait years to save up enough money to buy the family’s first used car. Now imagine there is a place called New York City, where compatriots return to tell the stories of abundant job opportunities, running water, electricity, subways, buses, concrete streets, sky scrapers, and the ability to easily obtain a $5/hour job the moment one steps off the plane. It is no wonder that West Africans have flocked to the city. The moment a West African man sets foot in America, however, an interesting dynamic takes place. They often become the â€Å"big man. † The â€Å"big man† is a common African social construction in which one man usually funds 10-25 family members. This funding can be to the extent of paying for the family members’ housing, food, inventory for jobs, medical payments, etc. While some income is generated from the few family members that work in Africa, a bulk of the monetary resources comes from the â€Å"big man. Obviously, this puts incredible pressure on the West African New Yorker to â€Å"make it,† and to provide for the family. When the reality sets in concerning the types of jobs available for West African immigrants (usually service jobs that demand long hours and tiring work), the luster of New York tends to wear off rather quickly. However, in return for their sacrifice, the â€Å"big me n† in New York City obtain something they had never had before. They obtain an incredible amount of influence. As I talked with a Malian street vendor one day, I caught a glimpse of the extent of influence West African New Yorkers have over West African society. I had wondered in my mind how much influence could really take place in New York on West Africa when they were so distant from each other. However, on this particular day with the street vendor, he received a call from his family in Mali on his cell phone. It turns out that his wife and mother were having a minor squabble, and instead of working it out themselves, they called the street vendor in New York to figure out what to do. The influence of West African New Yorkers was clear. If minor squabbles are mediated and handled by those in New York, how much more would such vital West African societal issues be influenced by the â€Å"big men† in New York, Paris, and other cities around the world? As West African New Yorkers bleed more or less Muslim, one wonders how this will affect West African society in the years to come. To catch a glimpse of where West Africa is going in terms of religious affiliation, I think one should look no further than places like Paris and New York. The West Africans in these places hold sway over their family’s livelihood, and they are looked to for the direction and progress of their family. As West African New Yorkers certainly associate their move to America with progress, one must not ignore the fact that this progress is not merely happening with monetary and economic development. As West African New Yorkers’ adjust their thoughts on religion and religious practice, one catches a glimpse of the religious West Africa of tomorrow.

Question 4 There Are Many Techniques Which Have Been Developed To Inc

Question 4: There are many techniques which have been developed to increase the efficiency of memory . Select 3 techniques , discuss them in detail and present examples of when they can be used. In the world today it is a must to be able to remember things. Memory is a big part in everyone's life. Their is hardly a day that goes by when you do not have to remember something. If someone doesn't have a great memory it could cause somewhat of a down fall in their professional life. In this paper I will discuss three different memorization habits and how they can be contributed to one's everyday lifestyle. One of many ways that help people memorize things is in a verbal sense called Rhymes. Rhyming is an easy way for someone to memorize certain things. This method is most common with children in school. Many people that grow up still remember these little detailed Rhymes that help them get threw school. Rhymes are nothing other than little saying's which sometimes make no sense , but when repeated in your mind it helps your recall what is need to know . The Rhyme that I remember best was used in math class " I ate and ate until I was sick on the floor eight times eight equals sixty-four ?' that saying is really kind of ridiculous , but I always new what eight times eight was . There are so many saying's out there and everyone of them will help anyone memorize. Rhymes have been and always will have a big impact on helping people in memorization. Another strategy to help on to memorize things is called Acrostics. Acrostics is nothing more than a saying in which the first letter of each word of the saying is the cue to help recall information you need to know . This method is very similar to the method of Rhyming , but you only use the one letter from each word to represent the cue for your needed information. One of the Acrostic phrases that many people were taught for learning notes in music class was ?' Every good boy does fine ?' . This saying helps people remember notes E, G, B, D, and F , which are five main chords, in order , used in music. Acrostic is not used as much as Rhyme; however, though they are very similar in style. Many people use this method , but really have no idea what it is called nor really care as long as it works , and it does . All people tend to do things the easy way , and their is nothing wrong with that as long as it works . There are certain methods for everything and it always helps to have some help when needed.The third method that will be discussed is the method of Loci. The method of Loci involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations . The first step is to commit to memory a series of loci, or places along a path. Usually these loci are specific locations in your home or neighborhood. Then envision each thing you want to remember in one of these locations. Try to form vivid images . When you need to remember the things , imagine yourself on your path , which should serve as cues for the retrieval of the images you have formed ( Wayne Weiten, 2000 ). The usefulness of Loci helps assure yourself of remembering items in a certain order and the order is determined by the location sequence along the certain path. In this paper I have discussed and gave examples for three different ways to improve one's memory. There are many other methods in to help with memorization ;however , I believe these are the three most common used help methods. Each method has it's own direct way in helping one to memorize something for long periods of time. Memorizing is a everyday thing that is nearly necessary for everyday life. People have methods for doing everything and just because you do something one way doesn't make that the only right way.

Doing Business in Vietnam Essays

Doing Business in Vietnam Essays Doing Business in Vietnam Essay Doing Business in Vietnam Essay Vietnam has had an impressive economic growing over the last two decennaries and continues to turn quickly. Over a short period of clip Vietnam has gone from a hungering state to a major exporter of agricultural goods. Today Vietnam is considered one of the most unfastened economic systems in the universe. with entire import and export value matching to approximately 160 per centum of GDP. In 2007 Vietnam joined WTO and since so legion reforms have helped the investing clime better significantly. ensuing in a turning influx of foreign investings and companies. For foreign investors Vietnam has chiefly been. and continues to be. an attractive pick for set uping labour intensive. low-technology production. However. as the income degrees addition and the consumer behavior alterations. it has become more common to set up concerns orientated towards selling goods on the Vietnamese market. Many companies describe Vietnam as a good complement to the place market. with turning potencies offered by a really immature. dynamic population. It is described as inexpensive to set up new trade names and commerce is still comparatively immature. Advice for get downing a concern in Vietnam. One of the chief jobs for concerns in Vietnam is troubles with predictability. transparence and lucidity in footings of ordinances and dealingss with public governments. The spreads between statute law. execution and enforcement are large in Vietnam. Get downing a company is associated with some disposal ( several signifiers and processs ) and besides associated with strategic considerations in footings of the legal signifier of the company ( e. g. joint stock company. representative office etc ) . So. the first advice is Be prepared to pass a batch of clip taking attention of administrative processs ( e. g. different signifiers. contracts and licences ) . it means: * Try to acquire a good overview of the different ministries. governments and sections you are likely to be in touch with within your concern country. * Make certain to hold person with good webs on the relevant province disposal degree. whom you can confer with on these issues The 2nd advice: Make a throughout research o n Human Resource in Viet Nam. Human resource issues are frequently described as the most hard country when making concern in Vietnam. This is chiefly because of different civilizations. The employee turnover is by and large high in Vietnam. It is hence of import to supply the employees with grounds to remain in the company. Most companies stress the importance of puting in the employees. One of the keys to concern success in Vietnam is understanding that local imposts and behaviors have a important consequence on concern relationships. which means paying more money do non maintain your employees. understand and being friend with them do. The 3rd advice related to Export/Import affair. The Vietnamese authorities has shown itself committed to implement the WTO committednesss. As a consequence. trade ordinances are softening up easy. However. when inexperient. trading can be a hard country in Vietnam. As there are no extended ushers or manuals to trading and no kicking mechanisms at the usage offices. Efficient trading ( import/export ) is frequently a affair of learning-by-doing. Problems can to big extent be avoided by making thorough research on ordinances. in order to guarantee that all paperss are in order and all Torahs are followed.

The Development and Achievements of the Virtualized Servers Research Paper

The Development and Achievements of the Virtualized Servers - Research Paper Example This paper examines the development of the virtualized technology and its benefits to the organizations. The establishment of the Virtualization Technology Virtualization was initially established in the early 1960s to partition huge mainframe into small manageable virtue machines. With such partitions, the mainframe was capable of multitasking. The first developmental phase emphasized data center management and green objectives. This mainly targeted reducing data center space and minimizing the energy consumed by the system. Additionally, manufactures accessed strategies that would promote operation efficiencies by curtailing the proliferation of servers and reducing the total IT operation cost (Buytaert, Rogier & Juan 51). The 2nd phase considered promoting management and consistency of desktop applications. Developments in this stage targeted establishing thin client model, a common management, provision layer and a steadfast application server based on a managed data center. Virt ualization technology was shunned in the period of 1980s to 1990s due to the effect of the client-server applications, the x86-servers and desktops which promoted distribution of computation. Importantly, the outspread utilization of the Windows and development of Linux OS in the 1990s built x86 servers as the standard products in the industry (Buytaert, Rogier & Juan 39). Future establishment of the x86-server and utilization of desktops new IT infrastructure and functional challenges. These challenges have countered development of the virtualization technology and minimized it adoption. Challenges that have checked establishment of the virtualization technology An apparent challenge that has undermined development and adoption of the technology is the deployment of low infrastructure. Most organizations use one application per server to reduce the vulnerability of their system to attacks arriving from other applications. Additionally, the technology faces a challenge of high physi cal infrastructure costs. Infrastructure maintenance cost remains high since computing systems must remain operational throughout and this leads to power consumption, and increased cooling costs (Buytaert, Rogier & Juan 23). Importantly, there is a challenge of increased IT maintenance, which emanates from the advancement of the computing environment. Management of advanced virtualization technology demands specialized and experienced personnel. This escalates the system management cost since acquiring and maintaining such a group is costly. Furthermore, managing enterprise desktops is challenging since the system requires numerous patches and frequent upgrades (Buytaert, Rogier & Juan 185). Lastly, the technology faces serious challenges of security and scalability. There are insufficient disaster protection systems hence firms are vulnerable to systems breakdown and server applications inaccessibility. Additionally, the risk of security attacks, health pandemics, natural disasters and terrorism continues to counteract the growth of the technology. Importantly, flexibilities in the industry have introduced the problem of scalability. The IT industry is highly flexible hence demands a flexible technology. Developing and restructuring the Virtual infrastructures to accommodate novel developments is

Anarexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Anarexia - Essay Example Pediatrics, 99:505-512 Kohn MR, Golden NH, Shenker IR (1998). Cardiac arrest and delirium: presentations of the refeeding syndrome in severely malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Journal Adolescence Health, 22: 239-43. Von Ranson, K., Iacono W, McGue M. (2002). Disordered eating and substance abuse in an epidemiological sample: 1. Associations within individuals. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 389-403 .. Cardiac arrest and delirium: presentations of the refeeding syndrome in severely malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Journal Adolescence Health, 22: 239-43. McIntosh V.V, Bulik C.M, McKenzie J.M, Luty S.E, Jordan J. (2000). Interpersonal psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27(2): 125-39. Meyrowitz, J. (1985). No sense of place: The impact of electronic medial on social behavior. New York: Oxford University Press. Misra, Madhusmita et al (2004). Effects of Anorexia Nervosa on Clinical, Hematologic, Biochemical, and Bone Density Parameters in Community-Dwelling Adolescent Girls" Pediatrics, 114, 1574-1583 Paris, J. (1999). Nature and Nurture in Psychiatry. Oxford Press Steiner H, Kwan W, Shaffer TG, et al. (2003). Risk and protective factors for juvenile eating disorders. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, Suppl. 1, 38-46. Treasure, J., and Ulrike Schmidt (2005). Anorexia Nervosa. Clinical Evidences, 14; 1-13 Veale, D. (2001). Cognitive-behavioural therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7: 125-132 Von Ranson, K., Iacono W, McGue M. (2002). Disordered eating and substance abuse in an epidemiological sample: 1. Associations within individuals. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 389-403 Walsh, T.D., and Michael J. Devlin (2000). Psychopharmacology of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating. Science, 29: 1387-1390 Weinshenker, N. (2002). Adolescents and Body Image: What's Typical and What's Not. Child Study Center Letter, Vol. 6, No. 24 Wolfe BE, and L.B. Gimby (2003). Caring for the hospitalized patient with an eating disorder. Nursing Clinics of Northern America, 38: 75-99. Yager, J, and Arnold E. Andersen, M.D.

An Analysis of Two Comparative E-commerce Companies in China Dissertation

An Analysis of Two Comparative E-commerce Companies in China - Dissertation Example As a result, business trust is built only when consumers have opportunities to conduct business in a face-to-face context. Thus it is generally concluded that e-commerce challenges in China is a result of a deficiency in trust in online merchants and the fact that individuals purchase goods in the absence of a face-to-fact meeting and an absence of â€Å"guanxi† (interpersonal relations).3 This research study seeks to provide an understanding of how and why e-commerce has been slow to develop in China. We examine and analyse, organizational culture and its impact on competitive strategies in China’s e-commerce business and the impact of Chinese culture on the e-commerce business in China and on organizational culture generally. This study is conducted by virtue of a qualitative case study in which a comparative analysis of two e-businesses forms the basis of the research: E-bay China and Taobao. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Chapter One 5 Introduction 5 1.1Introduction t o the Study 5 1.2. Problem Definition and Key Questions 12 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 13 1.4 Motivation for Study 13 1.5 Importance of the Study 14 1.6 Research Task 15 1.7 Structure of the Thesis 15 Chapter Two 16 A Review of the Literature 16 2.1. Introduction 17 This research study attempts to answer key questions namely: 17 2.2. The Significance of E-Commerce for Organizational Performance and Success 18 2.3. The Impact of Organizational and Environmental Factors on E-Commerce Success 20 2.4. Obstacles to E-Commerce in China 25 2.5. Conclusion 28 Chapter Three 29 Research Methodology 29 3.1. Introduction 29 3.2. The Nature of the Enquiry 30 3.3. Sampling 31 3.4. Questionnaire Development and Interview Schedule Development 32 3.5. Treatment of Bias in Study 33 3.6. Non Responses 33 3.7. Ethical Considerations 34 Chapter Four 36 Qualitative Data Analysis 36 4.1. Introduction 36 4.2. Qualitative Theme: Cluster Analysis 37 4.3. Results 38 4.4. Reliability and Validity Analyses 40 4.5. Association Between Variables/Constructs 41 4.6. Conclusion 42 Chapter Five 43 Discussion and Conclusion 43 5.1. Major Research Findings 43 5.2. Implications of the Study 47 5.3. Limitations of the Study 48 5.4. Further Research 48 Bibliography 51 Appendices...............................................................................................................................50 Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Introduction to the Study E-commerce is driven by global, environmental and policy issues that function to determine the extent to which e-commerce diffusion emerge in a particular environment. Business to business (B2B) e-commerce is typically steered by global factors and business-to-consumer (B2C) appears to be driven by local factors. However, in B2B e-commerce, businesses are under pressure to adopt B2C e-commerce strategies in local markets so as to remain competitive. Thus, local consumer markets and local e-commerce is important for businesses wishing to re main competitive globally. Although all consumers are attracted to â€Å"convenience and low prices†, there is a difference in terms of consumer attitudes, preferences values, culture and distribution along consumer markets in different countries.4 This

Synthes And Bioresorbable Internal Fixation Devices

Synthes And Bioresorbable Internal Fixation Devices Synthes roots are based in the non-profit Swiss research group, Association for the study of Internal Fixation or, AO, as it is referred to by the Swiss. The AO was formed by a group of medical professionals including orthopaedic surgeons, metallurgists and other scientists, whose goal was to find other means repairing complex fractures because the methods used around the time, the 1950s, was either left patients suffering months of rehabilitation or with permanent disabilities. AO was built around three basic principles research, education and development, the building blocks for any RD company. With regards to the education aspect of the organisation AO, would frequently offer multi-courses for other orthopaedic surgeons to enlighten them on the new internal fixation techniques. AO began to work with other non-profit organisations, distributing implants to a particular region in the world, with exclusive rights. Synthes was given exclusive rights to North America, and its counterparts Stratec and Mathys were given exclusive rights to Western Europe and Eastern Europe Asia and Africa respectively. Synthes Itself was split into four different companies, Orthopaedics, Spine, Maxillofacial and Canada. For the purpose of this report the main focus will be Synthes Orthopaedic; they are the leader in US orthopaedic trauma implant market with a domestic market share of approximately 50%. The question posed is whether or not Synthes should invest in bioresorbable devices, these are pins or screws or other fixation devices that degrade over time and are absorbed by the body instead of being removed manually. The obvious advantage is to the patients, because they will a smoother recovery process, the major problem that companies face however is finding the formula to maintain the fixation devices for a long enough period of time to ensure full recovery. One of the main reasons why Synthes should get into bioresorbable devices is the fact that they are a RD company and developing new products is their core function, it is one of the major values of the company. There is also the fact that any lapse in the RD of the company may lead to their competitors producing a like product, obtaining a patent and gaining market share and recognition at the expense of Synthes. With companies such as Johnson and Johnson and Boimet competing to achieve the same goal Synthes needs to always be one step ahead. In most cases it is best to be the first mover in an industry, for example when Phizer created the Viagra pill, albeit accidentally, they maintained a patent on the drug for several years and the exclusive production rights allowed them to corner the market. First movers sometimes even create an industry standard, such is the case for Microsoft. Many people still believe that Windows is the best and only operating system, even though there are m any other, much better OSs in the world. Furthermore Johnson Johnson have already crept ahead by producing the second generation of polymers for the industry, even though the success is still not as great as it could be, they still have that expertise. Synthes can use that knowledge to continue the research and possibly produce the third generation of polymers, the game changer, the one that works as well as they industry hopes. A key function that is required is not only research or develop the product, but also to sell it and another reason why Synthes should consider the bioresorbable market is because they have a hugely competent sales force, the case says they are the most experienced in the industry. There are reasons however why Synthes should not go in this market. Key among these is the fact that the market is growing very slowly and is still highly unstable according to the case. The research into stable polymers is going at a snails pace, it can be argued however that slow growth is better than no growth. Take the example of Apple who suffered in the shadows of Microsoft for many years, but one break with the launch of the iPod and the iPhone is helping to push them to the top of the technology market, their persistence paid off. The other main reason can be seen in the case of Johnson and Johnson in the case, although they were one of the first movers into the bioresorbable market, they failure of the product to perform on par with the metallic fixation devices has left them behind Synthes in that respect. 2Æ’Â   The four options discussed by the Synthes managers were to either ignore the bioresorbables completely while focusing on the improvement of their metallic implants or to wait-and-see, where-by they would monitor the progress of the other manufacturers and learn from them as they perform tests. During this stage Synthes will still invest heavily into the production of bioresorbables, that way they can quickly enter the market if they it started become a sounder means of income. The Third method was to develop and market their own line of bioresorbables with the current polymers on the market first developing plates and screws for hand, feet, wrists and ankle fractures and then they plan move to paediatric fractures. The final option is to continue research and development into the 3rd generation of bioresorbables implants, to improve the polymers in an effort to strengthen them and increase their reliability. The industry believes that progress can be made in the development of these polymers but is not quite sure exactly how much progress can actually be made. As with any corporate level decisions there are many advantages and or disadvantages connected. If Synthes chose to completely ignore the bioresorbables market their major advantage is that they will be able to focus more closely on their core competence, the development of metallic implants and improve it faster than their competitors as all of their focus will be on that aspect of the market. Ignoring the market completely is also a means of lowering the risks involved, because this is already their core function and because that sector of the market is far more stable than that of the bioresorbables market they are assured sustainable short term success. However this short term success is not conducive to growth. Synthes will, in effect, be limiting their growth prospects by not even attempting to develop their bioresorbables sector. As risky as it may be they if they were to take part and it became successful the rewards would heavily out-weigh the risks. They are in essence a research and development company and as previously mentioned RD is one of their core values, not even attempting to research the potential of bioresorbables would be undermining the nature of the company itself. Their scientists and researchers may potentially become frustrated if they are not allowed to even touch what to them could be the future of fracture repair. The second choice that Synthes managers discussed was to wait-and-see what the other manufactures are doing, letting the others do the main research and make the major mistakes, while Synthes learns from them and develops their own line of bioresorbables but doesnt market them until market conditions are favourable. In this method Synthes limits their risks significantly by not committing fully to either the development or marketing of their bioresorbables. They will only market if conditions are favourable, if conditions remain as unstable as they currently are then Synthes can simply pull out of the race. However the intend to invest $20 million into the development of their own bioresorbables; this is a very large and substantial investment. If it so happens that the market conditions remain unstable and Synthes decides not to go to market, they will incur a $20 million loss. They also face less risk in the development aspect because they will be leaving most of the work to their competitors; this also limits the amount of developmental failures they would incur if they were undertaking this task on their own. This may seem like the ideal choice for Synthes, however if their competitors do manage to develop more stable polymers and crack the secrets of bioresorbable internal fixation devices, then Synthes runs a patent blockage risk. If for example J J develop a perfectly functioning polymer and get their formula patented then they may have sole production rights for that particular formula for approximately 10 years. In those years they can create such a foothold in the market as the first movers that it could not only hinder the growth of Synthes, but in the worst case scenario, drive them out of the internal fixation device market completely. In the pharmaceutical industry, companies that have first mover advantage tend to retain that advantage for a very long period of time, as their products are more trusted than their competitors. The other drawback for Synthes is that even if a patent does not completely block them out of the industry, then they still run the risk of losing major m arket share to their many competitors. In the scenario where all of the competitors develop at the same pace and launch their products at the same time, the market pie will be divided among more players than is actually necessary thus limiting the potential market share for Synthes. The third option of developing and marketing their own bioresorbables is by far the most risky option that Synthes can take. However they may gain from the first-mover advantage mentioned above, they also have the ability to patent their formulas, block out competition and secure their place in the market for an extended period of time. This option also gives Synthes the opportunity to recuperate their investment into the development of their bioresorbables with the potential returns from marketing with the current polymers. These advantages however depend heavily on the success of the development phase. Therein lays the risk. If Synthes scientists and researchers get it wrong, the results could be disastrous for the company. The investment on development is $20 million, no mention was made of how much it would cost to actually market the product as well, this will push costs even higher, and to have a product fail with those additionally costs could be potentially fatal for Synthes. This is especially true for the paediatric fracture sector that Synthes is hoping to enter, failed products are bad enough, but failed products for children is almost irreversible damage for Synthes. No company wants to be branded as unsafe for children; something like this will lead to permanent scarring for Synthes. The final option of continued research and development into 3rd generation polymers, this once again is highly advantageous to Synthes as it returns them to their core competence of RD. This method will please their researchers and scientists greatly. It is a more balanced option because it is less risky than developing their bioresorbables with the current unstable polymers available and is far more proactive than ignoring the market completely or letting waiting for their competitors to do the research and testing. The costs involved however will be greater than most, if not all of the other methods, but the rewards if they get this one right will be even greater than all the previous methods put together. There are other downsides however, for example even though researchers and other scientists will be pleased to be working on ground breaking new technology, many failures will occur in the interim and this can lead to a large amount of frustration for them, which can be demotivat ing. Synthes still run the risk of their competitors developing better polymers before they do which would leave them in far greater debt than the other methods. The risks and benefits are great no matter what choice Synthes make, but the fact remains that they are essentially an RD company and should stick to their core competence of research development and education. They are industry leaders and need to maintain the high calibre performance they have been demonstrating over the years of their existence. Ignoring a new development, or waiting for their competitors to develop first should not even be an option for such a company. However at the same time jumping into developing and marketing an unstable product in an unstable market is very fool hardy and far too risky to undertake. Continuing to develop a new and safer means of internal fixation with bioresorbables is the best option for Synthes, the creation of the 3rd generation of polymers should be their priority. 3Æ’Â   In the debate of whether or not Synthes will have an impact on the bioresorbables industry, it is the opinion of the author that they can have a huge impact on the progress of the research and development aspect of the industry. Synthes have been a major player in the metallic fixation devices sector, they therefore have the knowledge on how the well the devices need to hold bones together, and also how they need to be shaped or designed to ensure maximum effectiveness. They are currently researching the effectiveness of the second generation polymers and can also begin to develop the third generation of polymers to catapult the industry into the future. The sheer size and capabilities of Synthes allow for them to exert a large amount of influence unto the market. 4Æ’Â   There are many ways for Synthes to introduce resorbables into the market. They are very innovative, with large amount of resources, capable management and therefore are capable of avoiding the valley of death where many innovations end up with poor management. Synthes can fund their own launch and therefore do not need the aid of venture capitalists as such. Great care needs to be used when introducing resorbables; and it is the belief of the author that Synthes should introduce their resorbables in the form of small screws or pins for smaller fractures and breaks first before they commit. This way they can be used on less complex injuries to test just how long they last, smaller fractures need less time to heal. If Synthes finds that their products are functioning properly then and only then, should they consider to manufacture for larger more complex injuries. This is far less risky but at the same time means that Synthes can still be proactive in their research and development. Use for small fractures only, not major complex broken bones. To ensure that they are stable enough and do no degrade in a short period of time. Merge to compete with other two heavyweights.

The Gold Card :: Dialog Essays

" I always told you kids don’t buy it unless ya got the money." "Hey let’s go grab a bite to eat." "Yeah! that sounds good. I heard there is a new restaurant down on Grand that’s suppose to be good." "Okay", said my friend Shannon. We arrived at the restaurant and sat down. The waiter brought our menus. "I’m gonna get the broiled salmon in creamy herb sauce" "I’m gonna have the vegi ravioli" Shannon said. "MMMM that sounds good." I replied. The server brought our food and we enjoyed catching up with each other. "Wow that was so delicious wasn’t it?" "Yeah, hey this one is on me because I think you treated last time." "Thanks" Shannon replied. Then I whipped out my shiny Gold Platinum card at 3.9%. The waiter came by with that little black waiter case thing and a couple of mints. We paid and then we left. "Say do you mind if we go by the mall real quick I just want to check a new store that’s opened up?" Shannon replied, "sure that’s cool." "I just gotta pull into the Super America for some gas." I said. "I’ll pump you pay?" Shannon said. "Sure." I responded. I dashed in to the SA and headed to pay. I noticed an article about alien babies that I had heard about. " I read that one" a voice came from behind. I turned around and it was a short bald guy with a bag of cheetos in his hand. "Really, how was it ? Worth $1.95?" "Yeah" he said. So I grabbed it. Then I remembered that I needed some oil for my car. I grabbed some Valvoline and got back in line. "That will be $27.09 please." "Shoot, I don’t have enough cash." So I whipped out the gold again and zooooom we were off to the mall. " Let’s check out that new clothing store on the second floor. It’s supposed to be really cheep. I’d also like to go to that CD shop." "O.K., but I need to go to the cash machine first," Shannon said. "Great," I said, "I’ll meet you in the chocolate factory." There I was in the chocolate shop waiting for Shannon, when I remembered that my mother’s birthday was coming up. So I thought I’d buy her some nice chocolates. The coffee beans looked tempting as well. "I’ll have a pound of the french roast chocolate coffee and these chocolates as well.

Marketing Management: Why Some Companies

The growing demand for large businesses’ success in the market is now challenged by stiff competition. This particular competition then drives large organizations to find alternatives of testing the society whether they are going to accept the newly launched products or not. One particular type of such process is market testing. What is market testing? Market testing refers to the way by which the organizations try to find out if their products that is to be launched in the market be accepted and be well patronized or not. Of course, launching a product without actually knowing at least an overview of the results is much risky especially for newly established production companies. For several years, market testing has been treated by business organizations as a large disadvantage for large companies. Â   However, through years of observation, market testing has also been noted to have some certain flaws that reduce its advantage for producing companies. This particular information shall be given deeper discussion within the paragraphs that would follow. The Disadvantages There are at least three major disadvantages of market testing that makes it less-appealing to producing companies of the modern economy: Hints of product characteristics to the competitors in the industry: it could not be denied that among the people who are to be given samples of the product for the sake of testing may come from other companies who are competing with the organization. Once they get hold of the product, it is not impossible that the knowledge that they gain about it shall be used against the organization itself. Thus, the hints of the product’s strengths and weaknesses may be used by other companies to sabotage its formal launching to the market. Excess of production expenses spent for the samples: Most often than not, this is considered to be part of the production budget. As part of marketing, creating samples for the public indeed costs the company certain percentage of expenses. This is supposed to be eliminated to control the production excess. Certainly, this particular aspect of expense could be reduced if market testing is not utilized by the organization. Unsure Results from the Test: Usually, those who respond to the promotional period are not a hundred percent interested in the product. Moreover, they intend to appreciate the product at the time because of its being free. Hence, the statistical reports done after the testing is not anymore that assuring to the company. Conclusion Since there are major disadvantages in the usage of market testing methods, survey analysis are more effective at the present system of industrial and commercial advancement of business organizations. From this particular method, they are not only able to protect the entities of their new products but they are also able to take good care of their reputation and trademark as they keep it secret from their competitors in their own field of business. It is the aim of market analysis procedures to lessen the expenses of the organization from promotional activities and at the same time increase the possibility of their production success in the market. Hence, to do so, several organizations try to do away with the utilization of Market Testing and shift to its alternative of market survey analysis which is gained from ample research. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bert Vermeulen. SIMPLE MARKET TESTING. (2003).

Forms of Media Table Essay

There are many kinds of media available for use in a presentation. However, each type of media has benefits and drawbacks. After reviewing this week’s reading, complete the table related to various forms of media used in public speaking. Form Benefits Drawbacks Objects Using objects can show off great techniques and examples of what you’re talking about. They can also be used to have live demonstrations for your topic It can be distracting if it is too large and unable to show off successfully to the audience. Models Can be used to demonstrate things to the audience without the presenter the speaker being distracted trying to do it themselves. Models can be distracting especially if they are not familiar with what they are supposed to be doing. Photographs They can help provide an exact depiction They can be harder to enlarge Drawings You can highlight exact areas and add labels to the drawing to point out specific parts and their names They can have inaccuracies depending on the skill level of the drawer. Graphs Great for showing large amounts of statistical data Can be confusing if the wrong type of graph is used for a specific amount of data Charts Used to show the relation of percentages and proportions Charts can get easily confusing for audiences if they are not large enough or they are too busy Transparencies These can be lit up and brought up on the screen to use as references for a speech presentation They are old school. It requires the correct equipment and can be hard to read at times if there isn’t room to make larger and legible. Videos These are useful whenever it will show a better example than other forms of multimedia to present the point to the listeners When they are unclear, hard to see, or hard to understand it will work against your presentation and can muddy water Multimedia presentations They work great to hold the attention of the listeners as long as it is well mended and unified It can be especially distracting if your media is all over the place and confuses the audience during the presentation Speakers Can be a great visual aid for actions and movements It can be distracting Others It can be useful to use other sources besides electronic ones. Such as marker boards, flip charts, and printed photographs or handouts. This will draw your audience’s attention by attracting different senses. This is a drawback if your presentation is too busy and has too many things going on. Ensure the presentation mends well and remove anything that sticks out and does not fit well with the rest of the material.

The Role of Human Communication in the Society

The Role of Human Communication in the Society Human communication involves interaction between or among people. Various types of human communication include interpersonal, public, intrapersonal, and intercultural. This paper addresses three questions dealing with human communication.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Role of Human Communication in the Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relationship deterioration refers to the stage in interpersonal communication when the bonds holding people together weaken (Pearson et al., 2006, p.99). At this point, both parties in the relationship are unhappy with the current state of affairs. The causes of relationship deterioration include having unrealistic expectations from the relationship. Financial difficulties, work-related problems and third party relationships are also among the causes of relationship deterioration. Circumscribing is the stage in relationship deterioration characterized by decreased interac tion, shorter time together and less depth to sharing. At this stage, a couple may appear normal from the outside, but communication between the couple is minimal. The couple tends to avoid certain topics of discussion considering them as a taboo. The coupe hardly communicates at this stage and therefore, it becomes difficult to know what they feel about each other. The relationship at this stage begins to go back to its superficial stages, and the couple loses interest in it. As the word describes, each person in the relationship starts to draw a circle around him or herself. This circle does not include the other person and therefore, there is little or no interaction between the parties (Pearson et al., 2006, p.122). The couple does not share their feelings neither show any commitment to the relationship. At this point, the obvious pairing is diminishing. It is essential for the couple to reinvest in their relationship at this stage to avoid losing the investment made to the part nership in the past. The couple could take a vacation, go for counseling or sit down and talk to salvage the relationship. Effective listening is one of the most crucial skills that an individual should have in order to ensure efficient communication. To solve complex problems in businesses and personal relationships, it is crucial to develop effective listening skills. Effective listening is more than hearing the spoken words. It involves analyzing the meaning of the messages spoken, and focusing on the person speaking rather than the words spoken. Several barriers affect effective listening and include environmental distractions, close mindedness, defensiveness and pride among others (Pearson et al., 2006, p.134).Advertising Looking for report on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the given scenario, Ben hinders effective listening because of his pride. Ben believes that other peoples†™ opinions are invalid in the group meeting. He claims that since he has been doing the work for five years, he knows how to do things better. This is pride and it hinders him from listening effectively to other members of the group. Pride involves an element where a person does not value the other person’s opinions. An individual takes over the conversation because he or she believes he has nothing to learn from the other members of the group (Pearson et al., 2006, p.131). A proud person has the attitude that he or she is better than any other individual in that group is. This pride is what Ben has from his comments. It is a personal obstacle to effective listening and hinders human communication. In addition, pride involves a person’s attachment to personal beliefs and values. Personal beliefs and values cloud a person’s thinking restricting effective listening. People tend to find only those views that support their beliefs and discard those that do not. Wi th time, a person attaches him or herself to a certain viewpoint and cannot listen to other people’s opinion affecting listening. Human communication is the process by which people in relationships and groups use information to interact with one another and the environment. This communication is beneficial because it enables people to understand how businesses work. Several functions of human communication include physical, identity, social and practical needs. When a person identifies something by revealing how it works, a person is using the practical function of human communication. The practical function enables a person to understand a situation better. This function enables people to understand themselves and their self-interaction with others. This function is vital in communication because it enables people to understand the functioning of daily tasks. In most organizations, employers encourage their employees to utilize practical communication skills in order to achi eve the organization’s goals (Pearson et al., 2006, p.143). Through practical communication function, it is possible to understand processes in the organization and explain their functioning. In addition, it becomes possible to understand the making of the processes though practical communication. Besides, practical communication enables a person to understand what the processes consists.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Role of Human Communication in the Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Further, practical communication enables students in various institutions to communicate effectively. Practical communication enables students to progress academically by analyzing situations in their academic work and providing solutions. Communication through group discussions is possible because students utilize practical ideas to develop solutions. Practical communication facilitates interaction among people i n daily activities enabling understanding of different situations. This function of communication is paramount in daily interactions because people are able to operate effectively. Therefore, it is necessary for individuals in a communication process to be practical in their dealings to be able to identify different situations and analyze them. Reference Pearson, J., Nelson, P., Titsworth, S., Harter, L. (2006). Human Communication with  Learning Tool Suite. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Assignment 01 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

01 - Assignment Example If teachers lack protection and hence start being fired regularly, the students’ learning process will be disrupted. They will take time adopting and warming up to a new teacher. They will also be insecure to get close to the teachers in case they are fired and this will affect their psychological well-being. The judge let emotions take the center stage in the ruling and not fully acted on the evidence presented. I do not refute that some of the teachers are ineffective but ruling based on only 1-3% of the teachers is seemingly unfair and unjust to the teachers themselves bearing in mind over 90% of them are effective ones (Blume and Ceasar, 2014). The judge should have been more objective in his ruling. A child’s right to education is important but so is the child’s right to happiness and peace of mind which will not be the case if the teachers are constantly being fired hence disrupting the education of the students. Innocent teachers will be negatively affected by the end of the tenure and they are the majority ones. The ruling should have ensured a middle ground to accord the good teachers’ appreciation. A child’s life is not dependent 100% on school life and hence the private life at home and with friends may also contribute to his or her performance. By having the teachers take all the blame for the failure of the students is an ignorance of the other life outside school children have. Whether a teacher can be fired or not is not directly related to a child’s life outside of school. The court failed to consider this side of the argument. I think that after the courts and educators who supported the court’s ruling finally realize that the teacher’s tenure did not have everything to do with the learning and performance outcome of students; they will finally revisit this case and ruling and realize the

What will be the impact on business of the abandonment of th e penny Essay

What will be the impact on business of the abandonment of th e penny (Canadian one - cent piece) - Essay Example This will result to a low circulation of money and businesses all over the country will be affected, for the loss of value. This will go on for a while the business and the economy continues to deteriorate in value due to the reduced cash flow. The government will also have a lot of work and spend equally when it will be collecting the pennies for reuse in its financial institutions. The country’s federal budget will also change its states that will affect the government’s expectation to apply a new way of getting equivalent currency for cash transaction in a fair and a transparent manner. The mathematical rounding off of figures will be done in several items and hence transactions involving low value items will be complicated to perform. The penny has been found to be of great help and use in the business world which is changing rampantly as new methods crops out day by day. AUSTEN, I. (n.d.). In Canada, the Pennyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Time to Shine Is Over - NYTimes.com. The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/business/global/in-canada-the-pennys-time-to-shine-is-over.html?_r=0 Canadas penny withdrawal: All you need to know - Business - CBC News. (n.d.). CBC.ca - Canadian News Sports Entertainment Kids Docs Radio TV. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2012/03/30/f-penny-faq.html Penny C. Sansevieri: What the Plus! Whats Up With Google+? An Interview With Guy Kawasaki. (n.d.). Breaking News and Opinion on The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from

Understanding Culture Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding Culture Identity - Essay Example Understanding Culture Identity In understanding culture identity, we may need to define the terms culture and identity separately. Many sociologists have defined culture and identity in variant ways. Different societies manifest different cultures and pass it to future generations through social interactions. Elders and schools teach culture to the young ones. However, cultural disconnect can occur when different cultures interact. In a situation where teachers and students manifest different cultures, a culture disconnect is inevitable. Additionally, there are different types of cultures with others being dominant. A dominant culture enjoys free acceptance and sharing by the majority in a given society. We also have Global culture refers to similar ways of life in different countries and the undermining of cultures via globalization. Additionally, there is mass culture that refers to the simple, entertaining and easy to understand everyday culture. Culture serves the purpose of uniting the society members, unitin g different societies, defining the uniqueness and identity of a society. An identity defines how individuals or groups see and vice versa in a given society. Socialization, mass media, family, and education form an identity. Cultural identity is thus the association of a group or individual to a given set of defined cultures. Its fundamentals include the society’s history, sociological, and socioeconomic factors. Cultural identity defines a society and the way it relates to others. Young people strive and are equally at liberty to change unpleasant cultural identities as applied by their parents. In the story, â€Å"How it feels to be colored Me† by Zora Neale Hurston  (1891 - 1960), the factor of race, individualism, discrimination, self realization, education in culture disconnect, and color comes out clearly in ascertaining culture identity (Hurston 1-3). The story reveals Zora’s discovery of her identity and pride. When I went to Indeed Zora was a Negro i n the United States who had no blood relations with the Indians. This was different from other black Americans who had Indian blood relations. Hence, her individuality and uniqueness comes to being. In the same way my individuality in high college was so unique in our family as I was the first born and the first to join college. In her childhood days, Zora greeted, sang, and danced in the streets to the Negros culture with all the loyalty. As a result, all loved her as she identified with their culture. This manifests the unity that culture identity brings in a society. However, when her mother died while she was only 13, she went to a boarding school. When I joined high school, I enrolled and actively participated in the College Bound. Zora’s culture identity manifests when she immediately becomes â€Å"colored† on joining boarding school. This brings a culture disconnect which Zora appreciates and indentifies with. The College Bound in my high school also changed my attitude on life and created many opportunities for me. Hence, the effect of education interactions with the teachers and other students plays an individual yet significant role in our culture identities. However, Zora is aware of how her new culture identity will subject her to discrimination. Indeed, her racial difference made her experience discrimination at the Jazz club (Hurston 3). I also witnessed some discrimination in my high school where some whites would not play or dine with me because I was African American. This proves the fact that some cultures discriminate over others. Nevertheless, she is ready to soldier on in